(a) Papers for the Engineering Entrance Examination : Paper I - Physics & Chemistry Paper II – Mathematics Each Paper will be of two and a half hours duration.
(b) Papers for the Medical/Agricultural Entrance Examination : Paper I - Chemistry & Physics Paper II - Biology Each Paper will be of two and a half hours duration.
Scheme of the Examinations The Entrance examination for Medical and Engineering streams will be objective type with Multiple Choice Questions and based on single response. For each question, five suggested answers would be given, of which only one will be the MOST APPROPRIATE RESPONSE. The candidate will have to select and mark the alphabet (A,B,C,D or E) corresponding to the most appropriate response in the OMR Answer Sheet. (A specimen answer sheet is appended).
The question paper for objective type examinations will be given in the form of Question Booklets. Candidates will be permitted to take the question booklet with them at the end of examination.
- For Engineering and Medical Entrance Examinations, each Paper will have 120 questions to be answered in 150 minutes.
- Scoring, negative marks: For each correct response in the Engineering and Medical Entrance Examinations, the candidates will be awarded FOUR marks, and for each incorrect response, ONE mark will be deducted from the total score. For all these papers, in the event of failure to answer a question, (that is, no response is indicated against a question in the answer-sheet) no deduction from the total score will be made. More than one answer indicated against a question will be deemed as incorrect response, and will be awarded negative marks. Therefore the candidates are advised not to attempt an answer, if they are not sure of the response, because mere guessing may lead to choice of wrong answers, with the consequent penalty of negative marks.
I. Nativity:
Applicant should be an Indian citizen. Persons of Indian Origin
(PIO)/Overseas Citizen of India (OCI) Card Holders will be treated on
par with Indian citizens for the limited purpose of admission.
Both
Keralites and Non-Keralites are eligible to apply for the Entrance
Examination. Applicants of Kerala origin will be categorized as
‘Keralites’. Others will be categorized as ‘Non-Keralites’.
Non-Keralites are classified as ‘Non-Keralite Category-I’ and
‘Non-Keralite Category-II’.
(A) Keralites: - A
candidate of Kerala origin will be categorized as a Keralite. A
candidate will be considered as a ’Keralite’, for the limited purpose of
eligibility for admission, if (a) he/she or his/her father/mother was
born in Kerala OR (b) he/she has been a resident of Kerala for a period of 5 years within a period of 12 years OR (c)
he/she has undergone his/her school studies from Standards VIII to XII
in educational institution(s) in Kerala. The candidate should obtain
relevant certificates in the application form as prescribed in the
Prospectus to avail such benefit.
Candidates who are children of All India Service (AIS)
officers allotted to Kerala cadre, claiming Keralite Status, should
produce a certificate from the competent authority showing that the
parent of the candidate is an AIS officer allotted to Kerala cadre.
(B) Non-Keralite Category-I: -
‘Non-Keralite Category-I’ candidates are those who have undergone the
qualifying course in Kerala, and who are the sons/daughters of Employees
of the Government of India, or, employees who are serving in connection
with the affairs of the Government of Kerala, subject to the condition
that, all categories of the employees mentioned above should have served
in Kerala for a minimum period of 2 years, or, have served in
connection with the affairs of the Government of Kerala for a minimum
period of 2 years. Such candidates will be eligible for admission to all
the seats, but they will not be considered for admission against
reserved seats.
(C) Non-Keralite Category-II: -
Candidates who do not belong to the ‘Keralite’ or ‘Non- Keralite
Category-I’ will be treated as ‘Non-Keralite Category-II'. They are
eligible for admission ONLY to the ‘State Merit’ seats in the Private
Self-financing Engineering Colleges in the State and in the Management
Quota seats in Self-financing Engineering institutions under Government
control. Non-Keralite candidates will not be considered for admission
against reserved seats.
II. Academic Qualification:
(i) Medical Courses:
Candidates should have passed the Higher Secondary Examination or
examination recognized as equivalent thereto, with 50% marks in
Biology/Biotechnology, and 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry and
Biology/Biotechnology put together. Those who wish to take admission to
MBBS/BDS courses should secure 50% marks in the Medical Entrance
Examination (As per the guidelines issued by Medical Council of India).
Candidates should prove their academic eligibility on the date of
admission.
Eligibility of BSc Degree holders:
Those who apply based on their BSc. Degree, for admission to MBBS, BDS,
BAMS, BHMS, BSMS Courses, should have obtained their BSc. Degree with
one of the subjects, Physics, Chemistry, Zoology, Botany, Biotechnology
as Main, and any one or two of these subjects as subsidiaries, with 50%
marks for Main and Subsidiaries taken together, provided they have
passed the Higher Secondary or equivalent examination, with Physics,
Chemistry and Biology as optional subjects.
(ii) Agriculture/Veterinary Courses:
Candidates should have passed the Higher Secondary Examination or
examination recognized as equivalent thereto, with 50% marks in Biology,
and 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry and Biology put together.
Candidates seeking admission to BVSc. & AH course, in addition to
the qualification prescribed above, should have passed the qualifying
examination with 50% marks in Physics, Chemistry, Biology and English
put together (as per the regulation of Veterinary Council of India).
Candidates should prove their academic eligibility on the date of
admission.
Note:
Only those candidates who have secured a minimum of 10 marks each for
Paper I and Paper II in the Medical Entrance Examination will be
included in the Medical rank list for admission to Ayurveda / Siddha /
Homoeo / Veterinary / Agriculture / Fisheries / Forestry Courses. SC /
ST candidates will not have any minimum mark restriction for inclusion
in the rank list.
(iii) Engineering Courses:
The rank list for Engineering Courses will be prepared by giving equal
weightage to the marks obtained in the Entrance Examination and the
Qualifying Examination. The marks secured for the subjects concerned
(Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry/Computer
Science/Biotechnology/Biology) in the Second year Higher Secondary or
equivalent Examination will be added to the marks secured in the
Entrance Examination for preparing the rank list. The marks of the
Kerala State Higher Secondary and Vocational Higher Secondary
Examination will be taken as it is given in the mark list. The marks of
other Boards will be considered after effecting the normalization
procedure as explained in clause 9.7.4 (b) of the Prospectus 2011. Only
those candidates who have secured a minimum of 10 marks each for Paper I
and Paper II will be included in the rank list. SC/ST candidates will
not have any minimum mark restriction for inclusion in the rank list.
Candidates who have passed the qualifying Higher Secondary Examination,
Kerala or examinations recognized as equivalent thereto, with 50% marks
in Mathematics separately, and 50% marks in Mathematics, Physics and
Chemistry/Computer Science/Biotechnology/ Biology put together are
eligible for admission. Those candidates who have passed the Qualifying
Examination should attach the copy of mark list of Qualifying
Examination duly attested by a Gazetted Officer along with the
application.
UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION AND MEASUREMENT Physics - Scope and
excitement; Physics in relation to science, society and technology -
inventions, names of scientists and their fields, nobel prize winners
and topics, current developments in physical sciences and related
technology. Units for measurement - systems of units, S .I units,
conversion from other systems to S.I units. Fundamental and derived
units. Measurement of length, mass and time, least count in measuring
instruments (eg. vernier calipers, screw gauge etc), Dimensional
analysis and applications, order of magnitude, accuracy and errors in
measurement, random and instrumental errors, significant figures and
rounding off principles.
UNIT 2 : DESCRIPTION OF MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION Objects
in motion in one dimension - Motion in a straight line, uniform motion
- its graphical representation and formulae; speed and velocity -
instantaneous velocity; ideas of relative velocity with expressions and
graphical representations; Uniformly accelerated motion, position -
time graph, velocity - time graph and formulae. Elementary ideas of
calculus - differentiation and integration - applications to motion.
UNIT 3 : DESCRIPTION OF MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS Vectors
and scalars, vectors in two and three dimensions, unit vector, addition
and multiplication, resolution of vector in a plane, rectangular
components, scalar and vector products. Motion in two dimensions -
projectile motion, ideas of uniform circular motion, linear and angular
velocity, relation between centripetal acceleration and angular speed.
UNIT 4 : LAWS OF MOTION Force
and inertia, first law of motion, momentum, second law of motion,
forces in nature, impulse, third law of motion, conservation of linear
momentum, examples of variable mass situation, rocket propulsion,
equilibrium of concurrent forces. Static and kinetic friction,
laws of friction, rolling friction, lubrication. Inertial and
non-inertial frames (elementary ideas); Dynamics of uniform circular
motion - centripetal and centrifugal forces, examples : banking of
curves and centrifuge.
UNIT 5 : WORK, ENERGY AND POWER Work
done by a constant force and by a variable force, units of work -
Energy - kinetic and potential forms, power, work-energy theorem.
Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.
Gravitational potential energy and its conversion to kinetic energy,
spring constant, potential energy of a spring, Different forms of
energy, mass - energy equivalence (elementary ideas), conservation of
energy, conservative and non-conservative forces.
UNIT 6: MOTION OF SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND RIGID BODY ROTATION Centre
of mass of a two particle system, generalisation to N particles,
momentum conservation and center of mass motion, applications to some
familiar systems, center of mass of rigid body. Moment of a force,
torque, angular momentum, physical meaning of angular momentum,
conservation of angular momentum with some examples, eg. planetary
motion. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equation
of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions,
moment of inertia and its physical significance, radius of gyration,
parallel and perpendicular axes theorems (statements only), moment of
inertia of circular ring and disc, cylinder rolling without slipping.
UNIT 7 : GRAVITATION Universal
law of gravitation, gravitational constant (G) and acceleration due to
gravity (g), weight and gravitation, variation of g with altitude,
latitude, depth and rotation of earth. Mass of earth, gravitational
potential energy near the surface of the earth, gravitational
potential, escape velocity, orbital velocity of satellite,
weightlessness, motion of geostationary and polar satellites, statement
of Kepler's laws of planetary motion, proof of second and third laws,
relation between inertial and gravitational masses.
UNIT 8 : MECHANICS OF SOLIDS AND FLUIDS Interatomic
and intermolecular forces, different states of matter. Solids :
Crystalline and amorphous solids, Hooke's law, stress - strain
relationships, Youngs modulus, bulk modulus, shear modulus of rigidity,
some practical examples. Fluids : Pressure due to fluid column,
Pascal's law and its applications (hydraulic lift and hydraulic
brakes), effect of gravity on fluid pressure, Buoyancy, laws of
floatation and Archimedes principles, atmospheric pressure. Surface
energy and surface tension, angle of contact, examples of drops and
babbles, capillary rise, detergents and surface tension, viscosity,
sphere falling through a liquid column, Stokes law, streamline flow,
Reynold's number, equation of continuity, Bernoulli's theorum and
applications.
UNIT 9 : HEAT AND THERMODYNAMICS Kinetic theory
of gases, assumptions, concept of pressure, kinetic energy and
temperature, mean-rms and most probable speed, degrees of freedom,
statement of law of equipartition of energy, concept of mean free path
and Avogadros' number Thermal equilibrium and temperatures,
zeroth law of thermodynamics, Heat-work and internal energy, Thermal
expansion - thermometry. First law of thermodynamics and examples,
specific heat, specific heat of gases at constant volume and constant
pressure, specific heat of solids, Dulong and Petit's law.
Thermodynamical variables and equation of state, phase diagrams, ideal
gas equation, isothermal and adiabatic processes, reversible and
irreversible processes, Carnot engines, refrigerators and heat pumps,
efficiency and coefficient performance of heat engines , ideas of
second law of thermodynamics with practical applications. Thermal
radiation - Stefan-Boltzmann law, Newton's law of cooling, Kirchoff's
law and black body radiation, Wien's displacement law, solar constant
and surface temperature of the sun.
UNIT 10 OSCILLATIONS Periodic
motion - period, frequency, displacement as a function of time and
periodic functions; Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M) and its equation,
uniform circular motion and simple harmonic motion, oscillations of a
spring, restoring force and force constant, energy in simple harmonic
motion, kinetic and potential energies, simple pendulum - derivation of
expression for the period; forced and damped oscillations and resonance
(qualitative ideas only), coupled oscillations
UNIT 11. WAVES Longitudinal
and transverse waves, wave motion, displacement relation for a
progressive wave, speed of a traveling wave, principle of superposition
of waves, reflection of waves, standing waves in strings and pipes,
fundamental mode and harmonics, beats, Doppler effect of sound with
applications.
UNIT 12: ELECTROSTATICS Frictional electricity; Properties of
electric charges - conservation, additivity and quantisation. Coulomb's
law - Forces between two point electric charges, Forces between
multiple electric charges; Superposition principle and continuous
charge distribution. Electric field and its physical significance,
electric field due to a point charge, electric field lines; Electric
dipole, electric field due to a dipole and behavior and dipole in a
uniform electric field. Electric potential-physical meaning, potential
difference, electric potential due to a point charge, a dipole and
system of charges; Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy
of a system of point charges, electric dipoles in an electrostatic
field. Electric flux, statement of Gauss' theorem-its application to
find field due to an infinitely long straight wire, uniformly charged
infinite plane sheet and uniformly charged thin spherical shell.
Conductors and insulators-presence of free charges and bound charges;
Dielectrics and electric polarization, general concept of a capacitor
and capacitance, combination of capacitors in series and in parallel,
energy stored in a capacitor, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor
with and without dielectric medium between the plates, Van de Graff
generator.
UNIT 13: CURRENT ELECTRICITY Electric current,
flow of electric charges in a metallic conductor, drift velocity and
mobility, their relation with electric current; Ohm's law, electrical
resistance, V-I characteristics, limitations of Ohm's law, electrical
resistivity and conductivity, classification of materials in terms of
conductivity; Superconductivity (elementary idea); Carbon resistors,
colour code for carbon resistors; combination of resistances - series
and parallel. Temperature dependence of resistance. Internal resistance
of a cell, Potential difference and emf of a cell, combination of cells
in series and in parallel. Kirchoff's laws-illustration by simple
applications, Wheatstone bridge and its applications, Meter bridge.
Potentiometer - principle and applications to measure potential
difference, comparison of emf of two cells and determination of
internal resistance of a cell. Electric power, thermal effects of
current and Joule's law; Chemical effects of current, Faraday's laws of
electrolysis, Electro-chemical cells, Primary and secondary cells,
solid state cells. Thermoelectricity-origin, elementary ideas of
Seebeck effect, Peltier effect and Thomson effect. Thermocouple, Thermo
emf, neutral and inversion temperatures, Measurement of temperature
using a thermo- couple.
UNIT 14: MAGNETIC EFFECT OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM Concept
of a magnetic field, Oersted's experiment, Biot-Savart's law, magnetic
field due to an infinitely long current carrying straight wire and a
circular loop, Ampere's circuital law and its applications to straight
and toroidal solenoids. Force on a moving charge in a uniform magnetic
field, cyclotron. Force on current carrying conductor and torque on
current loop in magnetic fields, force between two parallel current
carrying conductors, definition of the ampere. Moving coil galvanometer
and its conversion into ammeter and voltmeter. Current loop as a
magnetic dipole, magnetic moment, torque on a magnetic dipole in a
uniform magnetic field, Lines of force in magnetic field. Comparison of
a bar magnet and solenoid. Earth's magnetic field and magnetic
elements, tangent galvanometer, vibration magnetometer. Para, dia and
ferromagnetic substances with examples. Electromagnets and permanent
magnets.
UNIT 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENT Electromagnetic
induction, Faraday's laws, Induced e.m.f. and current, Lenz's law, Eddy
currents, self and mutual inductance. Alternating current, peak and rms
value of alternating current/voltage, reactance and impedance, L.C.
oscillations, LCR series circuit. (Phasor diagram), Resonant circuits
and Q-factor; power in A.C. circuits, wattless current. AC generator and Transformer.
UNIT 16: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES Properties
of electromagnetic waves and Maxwell's contributions (qualitative
ideas), Hertz's experiments, Electromagnetic spectrum (different
regions and applications), propagation of electromagnetic waves in
earth's atmosphere.
UNIT 17: OPTICS Refraction of light,
total internal reflection and its applications, spherical lenses, thin
lens formula, lens maker's formula; Magnification, Power of a lens,
combination of thin lenses in contact; Refraction and dispersion of
light due to a prism, Scattering of light, Blue colour of the sky and
appearance of the sun at sunrise and sunset. Optical instruments,
Compound microscope, astronomical telescope (refraction and reflection
type) and their magnifying powers. Spectrometer -its use for
determination of refractive index of the material of a prism. Wave
front and Huygen's principle. Reflection and refraction of plane wave
at a plane surface using wave fronts (qualitative idea);
Interference-Young's double slit experiment and expression for fringe
width, coherent sources and sustained interference of light;
Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum, difference
between interference and diffraction, resolving power of microscope and
telescope; Polarisation, plane polarised light, Brewster's law, Use of
polarised light and polaroids.
UNIT 18: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATIONS Photoelectric
effect, Einstein photoelectric equation - particle nature light,
photo-cell, Matter waves - wave nature of particles. De Broglie
relation, Davisson and Germer experiment.
UNIT 19: ATOMIC NUCLEUS Alpha
particle scattering experiment, size of the nucleus - composition of
the nucleus - protons and neutrons. Nuclear instability -
Radioactivity-Alpha, Beta and Gamma particle/rays and their properties,
radio- active decay laws, Simple explanation of -decay, -decay and
-decay; mass-energy relation, mass defect, Binding energy per nucleon
and its variation with mass number. Nature of nuclear forces, nuclear
reactions, nuclear fission, nuclear reactors and their uses; nuclear
fusion, elementary ideas of energy production in stars.
UNIT 20: SOLIDS AND SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES Energy
bands in solids (qualitative ideas only), difference between metals,
insulators and semi-conductors using band theory; Intrinsic and
extrinsic semi-conductors, p-n junction, Semi-conductor
diode-characteristics forward and reverse bias, diode as a rectifier,
solar cell, photo-diode, zener diode as a voltage regulator; Junction
transistor, characteristics of a transistor; Transistor as an amplifier
(common emitter configuration) and oscillator; Logic gates (OR, AND,
NOT, NAND, NOR); Elementary ideas about integrated circuits.
UNIT 21: PRINCIPLES OF COMMUNICATIONS Elementary
idea of analog and digital communication; Need for modulation,
amplitude, frequency and pulse modulation; Elementary ideas about
demodulation, Data transmission and retrieval, Fax and Modem. (basic
principles) Space communications - Ground wave, space wave and sky wave
propagation, satellite communications, ideas of remote sensing. Line
communications - wire transmission lines, coaxial cables and optical
fibres; telephone links, optical fibre communications (qualitative
ideas)
UNIT 1: BASIC CONCEPTS AND ATOMIC STRUCTURE Laws of chemical
combination: Law of conservation of mass. Law of definite proportion,
Law of multiple proportions. Gay-Lussac's law of combining volumes.
Dalton's atomic theory. Mole concept. Atomic, molecular and molar
masses. Chemical equations. Balancing and calculation based on chemical
equations. Atomic structure: Fundamental particles. Rutherford model
of atom. Nature of electromagnetic radiation. Emission spectrum of
hydrogen atom. Bohr model of hydrogen atom. Drawbacks of Bohr model.
Dual nature of matter and radiation. de Broglie relation. Uncertainty
principle. Wave function (mention only). Atomic orbitals and their
shapes (s, p and d orbitals only). Quantum numbers. Electronic
configurations of elements. Pauli's exclusion principle. Hund's rule.
Aufbau principle. UNIT 2: BONDING AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE Kossel
and Lewis approach of bonding. Ionic bond. Lattice energy. Born-Haber
cycle. Covalent bond. Lewis structure of covalent bond. Concept of
orbital overlap. VSEPR theory and geometry of molecules. Polarity of
covalent bond. Valence bond theory and hybridization (sp, sp2, sp3, dsp2, d2sp3 and sp3d2).
Resonance. Molecular orbital method. Bond order. Molecular orbital
diagrams of homodiatomic molecules. Bond strength and magnetic
behaviour. Hydrogen bond. Coordinate bond. Metallic bond.
UNIT 3: STATES OF MATTER Gaseous
state: Boyle's law. Charles' law. Avogadro's hypothesis. Graham's law
of diffusion. Absolute scale of temperature. Ideal gas equation. Gas
constant and its values. Dalton's law of partial pressure. Aqueous
tension. Kinetic theory of gases. Deviation of real gases from ideal
behaviour. van der Waals equation. Liquefaction of gases. Joule-Thomson
effect. Critical temperature. Liquid state: Properties of liquids. Vapour pressure and boiling point. Surface tension. Viscosity. Solid
state: Types of solids (ionic, covalent and molecular). Space lattice
and unit cells. Cubic crystal systems. X-ray studies of crystals. The
Bragg equation. Close packing. Different voids (tetrahedral and
octahedral only). Structures of simple ionic compounds of AB and AB2
types. Density calculations. Point defects (Frenkel and Schottky).
Electrical properties of solids. Conductors, semiconductors and
insulators. Piezoelectric and pyroelectric crystals. Magnetic
properties of solids. Diamagnetic, paramagnetic, ferromagnetic,
antiferromagnetic and ferrimagnetic substances. UNIT 4: PERIODIC PROPERTIES OF ELEMENTS AND HYDROGEN Classification
of elements: Mendeleev's periodic table. Atomic number and modern
periodic law. Long form of periodic table. Electronic configurations of
elements and their position in the periodic table. Classification into
s-, p-, d- and f-block elements. Periodic properties: Ionization
energy, electron affinity, atomic radii, valence and electronegativity. Hydrogen:
Position in the periodic table, occurrence, isolation, preparation
(including commercial), properties, reactions and uses. Isotopes of
hydrogen. Hydrides: Molecular, saline and interstitial hydrides. Water:
Structure of water molecule and its aggregates. Physical and chemical
properties of water. Hard and soft water. Removal of hardness.
Preparation and uses of heavy water: Liquid hydrogen as fuel. UNIT 5: S-BLOCK ELEMENTS AND PRINCIPLES OF METALLURGY Alkali
metals: Occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in atomic and
physical properties (ionization energy, atomic radii and ionic radii),
electrode potential, and reactions with oxygen, hydrogen, halogens and
liquid ammonia. Oxides, hydroxides and halides. Alkaline earth
metals: Occurrence, electronic configuration, trends in atomic and
physical properties, electrode potential, and reactions with oxygen,
hydrogen and halogens. Oxides, hydroxides, halides and sulphides. Anomalous properties of lithium and beryllium. Compounds of s-block elements: Large scale preparation of NaOH and Na2CO3, their properties and uses. Preparation and properties of CaO, Ca(OH)2, Plaster of Paris and MgSO4. Industrial uses of lime, limestone and cement. Principles
of metallurgy: Occurrence of metals. Concentration of ores. General
principles of extraction of metals from ore. Refining of metals.
Extraction of sodium, aluminium, iron and copper. Manufacture of steel.
Different types of steel. Heat treatment and uses of steel. UNIT 6: P-BLOCK ELEMENTS General
characteristics of p-block elements: atomic and physical properties.
Oxidation states. Trends in chemical reactivity of Groups 13, 14, 15,
16 and 17 elements. Boron: Occurrence, isolation, physical and
chemical properties. Borax and boric acid. Boron hydrides. Structure of
diborane. Uses of boron and its compounds. Carbon: Allotropes,
properties, carbides, halides and sulphide. Nitrogen: Terrestrial
abundance and distribution, isolation, properties and chemical
reactivity. Fixation of nitrogen. Ammonia: Haber process of
manufacture, properties and uses. Nitric acid: Ostwald process of
manufacture and important uses. Oxides of nitrogen: Preparation and
structures (skeletal only). Oxygen: Terrestrial abundance, isolation,
properties and chemical reactivity. Oxides: Acidic, basic and
amphoteric oxides. Preparation, structure, properties and uses of ozone
and hydrogen peroxide. Silica: Different forms and uses. Structures
of silicates. Phosphorus: Production, allotropes and phosphine.
Preparation and structures of PCl3, PCl5, P4O6, P4O10,
oxyacids of phosphorus. Comparison of halides, hydrides and oxides of
Group 15 elements. Sulphur: Production, allotropes, oxides and halides.
Hydrogen sulphide: Preparation, properties and uses in qualitative
analysis. Sulphuric acid: Manufacture, properties and uses. Preparation
and properties of Na2S2O3. Comparison
of oxides, halides and hydrides of Group 17 elements. Hydrides, oxides
and oxyacids of chlorine. Preparation and properties of bleaching
powder. Interhalogen compounds. Group 18
elements: Occurrence, isolation, atomic and physical properties, uses.
Compounds of xenon: Preparation of fluorides and oxides, and their
reactions with water. UNIT 7: D-BLOCK AND F-BLOCK ELEMENTS d-Block
elements: Electronic configuration and general characteristics.
Metallic properties, ionization energy, electrode potential, oxidation
states, ionic radii, catalytic properties, coloured ions, complex
formation, magnetic properties, interstitial compounds and alloys.
Preparation and properties of KMnO4, K2Cr2O7, CuSO4.5H2O, AgNO3, and halides of silver and mercury. Photography. f-Block
elements: Lanthanides: Occurrence, electronic configuration and
oxidation states. Lanthanide contraction. Uses. Actinides: Occurrence,
electronic configuration and comparison with lanthanides. UNIT 8: NUCLEAR CHEMISTRY Natural
radioactivity: Properties of alpha, beta and gamma radiations. Group
displacement law. Nuclear stability and binding energy. Nuclear
reactions. Radioactive disintegration series. Rate of radioactive
disintegration and half life. Artificial radioactivity: Transmutation
of elements. Nuclear energy. Nuclear fission and nuclear fusion.
Nuclear reactors. Radio isotopes and their uses. Radiochemical dating.
Synthetic elements.
UNIT 9: THERMODYNAMICS
System and
surrounding: Types of systems. Types of processes. Intensive and
extensive properties. State functions and path functions. Reversible
and irreversible processes. Zeroth law. First law of thermodynamics:
Internal energy and enthalpy. Application of first law of
thermodynamics. Enthalpy changes during phase transition. Enthalpy
changes in chemical reactions. Standard enthalpy of formation. Hess's
law of constant heat summation and numerical problems. Second law of
thermodynamics: Entropy and Gibbs free energy. Free energy change and
chemical equilibrium. Criteria for spontaneity.
UNIT 10: CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM
Physical
and chemical equilibria: Dynamic nature of equilibrium. Equilibria
involving physical changes (solid-liquid, liquid-gas, dissolution of
solids in liquids and dissolution of gases in liquids). General
characteristics of equilibria involving physical processes. Equilibria
involving chemical systems: Law of chemical equilibrium. Magnitude of
equilibrium constant. Numerical problems. Effect of changing conditions
of systems at equilibrium (changes of concentration, temperature and
pressure). Effect of catalyst. The Le Chatelier principle and its
applications. Relationship between Kp and Kc. Ionic equilibrium.
Ionization of weak and strong electrolytes. Concepts of acids and
bases: Those of Arrhenius, Bronsted-Lowry and Lewis. Acid-base
equilibrium. Ionization of water. pH scale. Salt hydrolysis. Theory of
acid-base indicators. Solubility product. Common ion effect. Buffer
action and buffer solutions.
UNIT 11: SOLUTIONS
Types of
solutions: Different concentration terms (normality, molarity,
molality, mole fraction and mass percentage). Solubility of gases and
solids. Vapour pressure of solutions and Raoult's law. Deviation from
Raoult's law. Colligative properties: Lowering of vapour pressure,
elevation in boiling point, depression in freezing point and osmotic
pressure. Ideal and non-ideal solutions. Determination of molecular
mass. Abnormal molecular mass. The van't Hoff factor and related
numerical problems
UNIT 12: REDOX REACTIONS AND ELECTROCHEMISTRY
Oxidation
and reduction: Electron transfer concept. Oxidation number. Balancing
equations of redox reactions: Oxidation number method and ion electron
method (half reaction method).
Faraday's laws of electrolysis:
Quantitative aspects. Electrolytic conduction. Conductance. Molar
conductance. Kohlrausch's law and its applications. Electrode potential
and electromotive force (e.m.f.). Reference electrode (SHE only).
Electrolytic and Galvanic cells. Daniel cell. The Nernst equation. Free
energy and e.m.f. Primary and secondary cells. Fuel cell (H2-O2
only). Corrosion and its prevention: Electrochemical theory of rusting
of iron. Methods of prevention of corrosion. Galvanization and cathodic
protection.
UNIT 13: CHEMICAL KINETICS Rate of reaction. Average and
instantaneous rates. Rate expressions. Rate constant. Rate law. Order
and molecularity. Integrated rate law expressions for zero and first
order reactions and their derivations. Units of rate constant. Half
life period. Temperature dependence of rate constant. Arrhenius
equation. Activation energy and related numerical problems. Elementary
and complex reactions with examples. UNIT 14: SURFACE CHEMISTRY Adsorption:
Physical and chemical adsorption. Factors affecting adsorption. Effect
of pressure. Freundlisch adsorption isotherm. Langmuir adsorption
isotherm. Catalysis. Enzymes. Zeolites. Colloids: Colloids and
suspensions. Dispersion medium and dispersed phase. Types of colloids:
Lyophobic, lyophilic, multimolecular, macromolecular and associated
colloids. Preparation, properties and protection of colloids. Gold
number. Hardy Schulze rule. Emulsions. UNIT 15: COORDINATION COMPOUNDS AND ORGANOMETALLICS Ligand.
Coordination number. IUPAC nomenclature of coordination compounds.
Isomerism in coordination compounds. Geometrical, optical and
structural isomerism. Bonding in coordination compounds. Werner's
coordination theory. Valence bond approach. Hybridization and geometry.
Magnetic properties of octahedral, tetrahedral and square planar
complexes. Introduction to crystal field theory. Splitting of d
orbitals in octahedral and tetrahedral fields (qualitative only).
Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis and
biological systems such as chlorophyll, hemoglobin and vitamin B12
(structures not included). UNIT 16: BASIC PRINCIPLES, PURIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS Distinction between organic and inorganic compounds. Tetra valence of carbon. Catenation. Hybridization (sp, sp2 and sp3).
Shapes of simple molecules. General introduction to naming of organic
compounds. Trivial names and IUPAC nomenclature. Illustrations with
examples. Structural isomerism. Examples of functional groups
containing oxygen, hydrogen, sulphur and halogens. Purification of
carbon compounds: Filtration, crystallization, sublimation,
distillation, differential extraction and chromatography (column and
paper only). Qualitative analysis: Detection of carbon, hydrogen,
nitrogen and halogens. Quantitative analysis: Estimation of carbon,
hydrogen, nitrogen, sulphur, phosphorus and halogens (principles only),
and related numerical problems. Determination of molecular mass: Silver
salt method and chloroplatinate salt method. Calculation of empirical
and molecular formulae. UNIT 17: HYDROCARBONS Classification of
hydrocarbons. Alkanes and cycloalkanes: Nomenclature and conformation
of ethane, propane, butane and cyclohexane. 3D structures and 2D
projections (Sawhorse and Newman). Alkenes and alkynes: Nomenclature.
Geometrical isomerism in alkenes. Stability of alkenes. General methods
of preparation. Physical and chemical properties. Markownikoff's rule.
Peroxide effect. Acidic character of alkynes. Polymerization reactions
of dienes. Aromatic hydrocarbons: Nomenclature. Isomerism. Source of
aromatic hydrocarbons. Coal and petroleum. Benzene and its homologues.
Structure of Benzene. Resonance. Delocalisation in benzene. Concept of
aromaticity (an elementary idea). Chemical reactions of benzene.
Polynuclear hydrocarbons and their toxicity. Petroleum and
petrochemicals: Composition of crude oil. Fractionation. Uses of
different fractions. Quality of gasoline. LPG and CNG. Cracking and
reforming of petrochemicals UNIT 18: ORGANIC REACTION MECHANISM Electronic
displacement in a covalent bond: Inductive, electromeric, resonance and
hyperconjugation effects. Fission of a covalent bond. Free radicals,
electrophiles, nucleophiles, carbocations and carbanions. Common
types of organic reactions: Substitution, addition, elimination and
rearrangement reactions. Illustrations with examples. Mechanism of
electrophilic addition reactions in alkenes. Concept of delocalisation
of electrons. Addition reactions in dienes (1,2- and 1,4- additions).
Mechanism of electrophilic substitution reactions. Directive influence
of substituents and their effect on reactivity (in benzene ring only). UNIT 19: STEREOCHEMISTRY Stereoisomerism: Geometrical isomerism and
optical isomerism. Specific rotation. Chirality and chiral objects.
Chiral molecules. Configuration and Fischer projections. Asymmetric
carbon. Elements of symmetry. Compounds containing one chiral center.
Enantiomers. Racemic form. Racemization. Compounds containing two
chiral centers. Diastereo isomers. Meso form. Resolution. Importance of
stereochemistry.
UNIT 20: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING HALOGENS
Haloalkanes
and haloarenes: Nomenclature and general methods of preparation.
Physical properties. Nature of C-X bond in haloalkanes and haloarenes.
Chemical properties and uses of chloromethane and chlorobenzene.
Polyhalogen compounds: Preparation and properties of chloroform and
iodoform. Uses of some commercially important compounds (chloroform,
iodoform, DDT, BHC and freon). UNIT 21: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING OXYGEN Alcohols:
Nomenclature. Important methods of preparation (from aldehydes,
ketones, alkyl halides and hydration of alkenes). Manufacture of
ethanol from molasses and starch. Physical and chemical properties.
Reactions with alkali metals and acids. Formation of alkenes, ethers
and esters. Reactions with PX3, PX5, SOCl2. Oxidation of alcohols. Dehydrogenation. Phenols:
Nomenclature. Preparation of phenol (from sodium benzenesulphonate,
benzene diazoniumchloride and chlorobenzene). Physical and chemical
properties of phenol. Acidity of phenol. Action of phenol with FeCl3. Bromination, sulphonation and nitration of phenol. Ethers:
Nomenclature. Methods of preparation (from alcohols and alkyl halides).
Williamson's synthesis. Physical and chemical properties. Formation of
peroxides. Actions with HI, HF and H2SO4. Some
commercially important compounds: Methanol, ethanol (fermentation),
glycol and glycerol. Ascending and descending in alcohol series. Aldehydes
and ketones: Nomenclature. Electronic structure of carbonyl group.
Methods of preparation (from alcohols, acid chlorides, ozonolysis of
alkenes and hydration of alkynes). Friedel-Crafts acylation for
acetophenone. General properties (physical and chemical) of aldehydes
and ketones. Formation of paraldehyde and metaldehyde. Addition of NaHSO3, NH3
and its derivatives, Grignard reagent, HCN and alcohols. Oxidation
reactions with Tollen's reagent and Fehling's solution. Oxidation of
ketones. Reduction with LiAlH4. Clemmensen reduction. Wolff- Kischner
reduction. Aldol condensation. Cannizzaro reaction. Carboxylic acid:
Nomenclature. Electronic structure of -COOH. Methods of Preparation
(from alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, alkyl benzenes and hydrolysis of
cyanide). Physical properties. Effects of substituents on acid
strength. Chemical reactions. Derivatives of carboxylic acids: Nomenclature. Esters, acid chlorides, amides and anhydrides. Important methods of preparation. UNIT 22: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING NITROGEN Nitrocompounds:
Nomenclature. Electronic structure of nitro group. Preparation and
properties. Amines: Nomenclature. Primary, secondary and tertiary
amines. Methods of preparation. Physical properties. Basic nature.
Chemical reaction. Separation of primary, secondary and tertiary
amines. Cyanides and isocyanides. Diazonium salts. Preparation and
chemical reactions of benzene diazoniumchloride in synthetic organic
chemistry. UNIT 23: POLYMERS AND BIOMOLCULES Polymers:
Classification. Addition and condensation polymerization.
Copolymerization. Natural rubber and vulcanization. Synthetic rubbers.
Condensation polymers. Biopolymers. Biodegradable polymers. Some
commercially important polymers: Polyethene, polystyrene, PVC, Teflon,
PAN, BUNA-N, BUNA-S, neoprene, Terylene, glyptal, nylon-6, nylon-66 and
Bakelite. Biomolecules: The cell energy cycle. Classification of
carbohydrates. Structure and properties of glucose. Reducing and
non-reducing sugars: Properties of sucrose, maltose and lactose
(structures not included). Polysaccharides: Properties of starch and
cellulose. Proteins: Amino acids. Zwitterions. Peptide bond.
Polypeptides. Primary, secondary and tertiary structures of protein.
Denaturation of proteins. Enzymes. Nucleic acids. Types of nucleic
acids. DNA and RNA, and their chemical composition. Primary structure
of DNA. Double helix. Replication, translation and transcription.
Protein synthesis. Genetic code. Lipids: Classification,
structural features and functions in biosynthesis. Hormones:
Classification, structural features and functions in biosystems.
Vitamins: Classification and functions in biosystems. UNIT 24: ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND CHEMISTRY IN EVERY DAY LIFE Soil,
water and air pollutions. Ozone layer. Smog. Acid rain. Green house
effect and global warming. Industrial air pollution. Importance of
green chemistry. Chemicals in medicine and health care. Analgesics,
tranquillizers, antiseptics, antacids and dyes. Classification of dyes
with examples. Indigo, methyl orange and alizarin. Chemicals in
cosmetics: Creams, perfumes, talc powder and deodorants. Advanced
materials: Carbon fibers, ceramics, chemicals in food, preservatives,
artificial sweetening agents, antioxidants and edible colours. Insect
repellents. Pheromones. Sx attractants. Rocket propellants:
Characteristics and chemicals used.
UNIT 6: ECOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENT Organisms and their environment:
Factors: abiotic (air, water, soil, temperature and light) and biotic;
Range of tolerance, acclimatization, ecological adaptation to different
environments in plants. Levels of organization: Population, species,
community, ecosystem and biosphere; Ecological interactions: Symbiosis,
mutualism, commensalism, parasitism, predation and competition. Ecosystem:
Structure and function with respect to aquatic and terrestrial
ecosystems (pond and grassland), productivity, energy flow, ecological
efficiencies, decomposition and nutrient cycling (nitrogen and
phosphorus cycle). Major biomes: Forest, grassland and deserts. Ecological
succession: Types and mechanism. Natural resources: Types:
Inexhaustible. Exhaustible (renewable and non renewable). Principal
natural resources: Soil, water, land, forest, energy, marine, mineral,
Forest and wild life resource. Use and misuse of natural resources. Environmental
pollution: Sources of air, water, soil and noise pollution; Major
pollutants in big cities in our country; their effects and methods of
control. Pollution due to radioactive substances. Disposal of nuclear
wastes. Effect and control of radiation pollution. Global environmental changes: green house gases, global warming, sea level rise, and ozone layer depletion. UNIT 7 - APPLICATIONS OF BIOLOGY Food production, breeding, improved varieties, bio-fertilizers, crop and animal diseases, bio-pesticides. Plant
tissue culture and its application, genetically modified food, bio-war,
bio-piracy, bio-patent, biotechnology and sustainable agriculture. UNIT 8 - ORIGIN AND EVOLUTION OF LIFE 1. Origin of Earth 1.1 Theory of Origin of Earth 1.1.1 Big Bang Theory 2. Origin of Life 2.1 Various Theories 2.1.1 Special Creation 2.1.2 Cosmic (extra terrestrial)origin, 2.1.3 abiogenic origin (chemical evolution) 2.1.4 Oparin-Haldane Hypothesis. 3. Primary abiogenesis 3.1 Harold Urey & Stanley Miller experiment 3.1.1 Primitive conditions of earth 3.1.2 Formation of biopolymers 3.1.4 factors required for polymeric biomolecules 3.1.5 Conditions required for origin of life 3.1.6 Protobionts, coacervates, microsphores, purine & pyrimidine bases of nucleic acids. 4. Theories of Evolution 4.1.1 Plato - Eidos 4.1.2 Aristotle, Ladder of Nature or Scala , Nature or Great Chain of being 4.1.3 Lamarckism (J.B.Lamarck) -Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characters or Theory of Use and Disuse 4.1.4 Principle & Criticism (NeoLamarckism). 5. Darwin's Theory of Evolution 5.1 Natural Selection 5.1.1 Principle of Natural Selection - 5.1.2 Example of Natural Selection - Industrial Melanism 5.1.3 Criticism of Darwin's Theory - 5.1.4 Neodarwinism. 6. Mutation Theory of de Vries 6.1.1 Observation on Oenothera lamarckiana 6.1.2 Principles & Criticism of Theory of Mutation. 7. Evidences of Evolution 7.1.1 Palaentological, Embryological 7.1.2 Morphological 7.1.3 Anatomical 7.1.4 Biogeographical. 8. Variation 8.1 Definitions 8.1.2 Sources of Variation 8.1.3 Mutation 8.1.4 Recombination 8.1.4 Genetic drift 8.1.5 Gene migration and natural Selection. 9. Population Genetics & Evolution 9.1 Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium. 10. Genetic Basis of Adaptation 10.1.1 Replica plating experiment of Lederberg and Lederberg 10.1.2 Genetic Polymorphism - Eg: Blood group & sickle cell anaemia 11. Speciation - 11.1.1 Allopatric & Sympatric speciation 11.1.2 Species concept 11.1.3 Sibling species, Polytypic species 11.1.4 Evolutionary species concept 12. Isolation 12.1.1 role of Isolation in speciation 12.1.2 Geographical isolation 2.1.3 Reproductive isolation.
UNIT 9 - CLASSIFICATION OF ANIMALS 1. Salient features of different Phyla with examples. 1.1 General features of animals 1.1.1 Grades of organization and body plan 1.1.2 body symmetry 1.1.3 germ layers (diploblastic & triploblastic organization) 1.1.4 segmentation 1.1.5 coelom 1.1.6 Heterotrophic mode of Nutrition 1.1.7 Movement 1.1.8 Reproduction and Development Kingdom Protista (Protozoan Protists only) eg: Amoeba, Paramecium, Trypanosoma, Entamoeba, Plasmodium Phylum Porifera eg: Sycon, Leucosolenia, Spongilla 4. Phylum Cnidaria eg: Hydra, Obelia colony, Physalia, Aurelia, Sea Anemone, Corals 5. Phylum Playhelminthes eg.: Taenia, Fasciola, Planaria Phylum Nemathelminthes eg: Ascaris, Rhabditis, Wuchereria, Ancylostoma 7. Phylum Annelida eg: Nereis, Aphrodite, Pheretima, Hirudinaria, Chaetopterus, Bonellia 8.
Phylum Arthropoda eg: Araneus (Spider), Limulus (King Crab), Bruthus
(Scorpion), Eupgurus (Hermit Crab), Penaeus (Marine prawn), Palaemon
(fresh water prawn), Lepisma, Apis, Musca (House fly), Mosquito,
Leptocorisa (paddy pest), Barnacles, Silk worm, Oryctes 9. Phylum Mollusca eg: Pila, Mussel (fresh water & marine), Pinctada, Loligo, Octopus, Teredo Phylum Echinodermata eg: Asterias, Echinus, Antedon, Sea cucumber, Ophiura. PHYLUM
CHORDATA: Subphylum [a]-Hemichordata eg: Balanoglossus Subphylum [b]-
Urochordata eg: Ascidia.. Subphylum [c] - Cephalochordata eg: Amphioxus
Subphylum [d]-Vertebrata-Classification up to classes Super class I. Agnatha. Class - Cyclostomata eg: Petromyzon and Myxine. Super
class II. Gnathostomata Class a - Chondrichthyes (Cartilaginous fishes)
eg.: Scoliodon, Trygon, Torpedo (Narcine), Pristis. Class b.
Osteichthyes (Bony fishes) eg.: Catla, Anabas, Channa, Exocoetus,
Remora, Hippocampus, Tuna, Cybium, Pomfret, Etroplus, Tilapia, Sardine,
Mackeral. Class c. Amphibia eg: Bufo, Rana, Hyla, Rhacophorus,
Salamander, Amblystoma, lchthyophis Class d. Reptilia eg: Chelone,
Testudo, Sphenodon, Hemidactylus, Chameleon, Calotes, Draco,
Phrynosoma, Varanus, Python, Naja, Krait, Viper, Crocodile, Alligator,
Gavialis, Crotalus, Enhydrina, Dryophis, Typhlops. Class e. Aves eg:
Ardea (Grey Heron), Corvus, Paro, Gallus, Columba, Psittacula, Bubo,
Milvus, Struthio (Ostrich), Kiwi, Class f. Mammalia eg: Platypus,
Kangaroo, Mole, Bat, Whale, Loris, Macaques, Macaca radiata, Macaca
silenus (Lion-tailed monkey) Common Langur, Gorilla, Chimpanzee,
Orangutan, Panthera, Elephas. UNIT 10 - ANIMAL MORPHOLOGY 1. External and internal morphology 1.1 Earthworm 1.2 Cockroach 1.3 Frog 1.4 Rat.
UNIT 11 - ANIMAL TISSUES
1. Definition
1.1.1 Types of tissues
1.1.2 Epithelial tissue - different types with examples, specialized epithelial tissue with examples
1.1.3 Connective tissue with examples
1.1.4 Muscular tissue with examples
1.1.5 Nervous tissue with examples
1.1.6 Structure and functions of these tissues.
UNIT 12 - GENETICS
1. Heredity and variation -
1.1.1 Mendel's experiments
1.1.2 Laws of Mendel
1.1.3 Chromosome theory of inheritance
1.1.4 Pattern of inheritance
1.1.5 Incomplete dominance
1.1.6 Epistasis
1.1.7 Multiple allelism
1.1.8 Quantitative inheritance
1.1.9 Pleiotropy
2. Chromosomes
2.1.1 Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Chromosomes
2.1.2 Nucleosomes
2.1.3 Chromosome theory of inheritance
2.1.4 Concept of linkage and crossing over recombination
2.1.5 Principle of gene mapping
2.1.6 sx linked inheritance
2.1.7 sx determination
2.1.8 sx limited and sx influenced inheritance.
3. Mutation
3.1 Gene mutation -
3.1.1Chromosomal aberration
3.1.2 Polyploidy, aneuploidy and Euploidy
3.1.3 Mutation causing agents.
4. Human Genetics
4.1 Pedigree Analysis
4.2 Genetic Disorders
4.2.1 Sickle cell anaemia
4.2.2 Phenylketonuria
4.2.3 Alzheimer's disease
4.2.4 Down's Syndrome
4.2.5 Turner's Syndrome
4.2.6 Klinefelter's Syndrome.
5. Nature of Genetic Material
5.1 DNA and its structure
5.1.1 Different types of DNA
5.12 RNA and its structure
5.1.3 Experiments to prove genetic nature of DNA. 6. DNA and Gene 6.1 DNA Replication
6.1.2 Gene expression- Gene and Protein
6.1.3 Biosynthesis of Protein
6.2 Regulation of Gene expression in prokaryotes and eukaryotes-
6.2.1House keeping genes
6.3 Genes in differentiation and development
6.4 Oncogenes. UNIT 13 - APPLIED GENETICS 1. Recombinant DNA technology 1.1 Genetic Engineering and its tools 1.1 gene transfer 1.1.2 application of recombinant DNA technology 1.1.3 Gene Library 1.1.4 Medical Diagnosis of diseases. 2. Cloning 2.1 various types of cloning 2.1.1 Microbial cloning 2.1.2 Cell cloning 2.1.3 Plant cloning. 2.1.4 Animal cloning 2.1.5 transgenic organisms (Plant, animals and microbes) 3. Genomics 3.1 Principles and application 3.1.1 Human genome project 3.1.2 DNA Diagnosis 3.1.3 Gene Therapy 3.1.4 DNA finger printing 3.1.5 ethical, legal, social concerns associated with gene manipulations. UNIT 14 - PHYSIOLOGY OF ANIMALS 1. Nutrition 1.1.1 Different types of nutrition 1.1.2. Different types of nutrients 1.1.3. Malnutrition 1.1. 4. Under nutrition 1.1. 5. Disorders related to nutrition. 2. Digestion 2.1.1. Intracellular and Extracellular digestion with examples. 2.1.2. Digestive system of Cockroach. 2.1.3. Glands associated with the alimentary canal. 2.1.4. Different enzymes secreted by the alimentary canal. 2.1.5. Bacteria involved in the synthesis of enzymes. 2.1.6. Functions of various enzymes. 2.1.7. Role of various regions of alimentary canal in absorption. 2.2. Human Digestive System. 2.2.1. Structure of alimentary canal and associated glands and their secretions. 2.2.2. Buccal cavity and structures associated with it. 2.2.3. Process of ingestion and digestion at various regions of alimentary tract. 2.2.4. Mechanism of absorption and assimilation of digested food components. 2.2.5. Egestion 2.2.6. Role of gastrointestinal hormones in digestion. 3. Respiration 3.1.1. Aerobic Respiration 3.1.2. Anaerobic respiration. 3.2 Respiration in cockroach. 3.2.1. Spiracles and tracheal system 3.2.2 Haemocoel 3.2.3 Mechanism of gas exchange. 3.3 Human Respiratory system. 3.3.1. Respiratory organs and mechanism involved in pulmonary respiration. 3.3.2. Gas exchange and transport of respiratory gases. 3.3.3 Respiratory pigments involved 3.3.4 Regulation of respiration 3.4 Respiratory disorders 3.4.1 Bronchitis 3.4.2 Bronchial Asthma 3.4.3 Emphysema 3.4.4 Pneumonia 3.4.5 Occupational lung diseases 3.4.6 Causes of these disorders - symptoms, prevention and cure of these disorders 3.4.7 High altitude problems - mountain sickness, asphyxia and hypoxia 3.5 Carbon Monoxide poisoning. 4. Circulation 4.1.1 Open circulatory system with examples 4.1.2 Closed circulatory system with examples 4.1.3 composition of blood 4.1.4 structure and functions of different types of blood cells. 4.2 Structure and working of heart 4.2.1 pulmonary, systemic and portal circulation 4.2.2 Pulse, heart beat and blood pressure 4.2.3 Rhythmicity of heart 4.2.4 Regulation of heart beat 4.2.5 Blood related disorders - hypertension, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis 4.2.6 Echo cardio gram 4.2.7 Pacemaker 4.3 Lymphatic system 4.3.1 Lymph 4.3.2 Lymph node 4.3.3 Lymph vessels 4.3.4 functions of lymph 4.3.5 Lymphoid organs. 4.4 Immunity and immune systems 4.4.1 Immunology 4.4.2 Innate (Non- specific) 4.4.3 Acquired immunity 4.4.4 Active immunity 4.4.5 Passive immunity 4.4.6 Cell mediated immunity 4.4.7 Antibody mediated immunity 4.5 Clonal Selection and Primary and Secondary immune responses 4.6 Immune disorders 4.7 Vaccinisation and Immunization (using traditional vaccines and recent technological vaccines). 5. Excretion. 5.1.1 Definition. 5.1.2 Different types of excretory organs in animals. 5.1.3 Skin, lungs and liver as excretory organs. 5.2 Nitrogenous excretion 5.2.1 Different types of Nitrogenous excretion with examples. 5.2.2. Ammenotelism, ureotelism and uricotelism. 5.3 Excretory system in Cockroch. 5.3.1 Excretory organs-Malphigian tubules and rectum. 5.3.2. Role of Malphigian tubules and rectum in excretion and osmoregulation. 5.4.Excretory system in man . 5.4.1 Structure of kidney 5.4.2 Composition and formation of urine 5.4.3 Role of Kidney in osmoregulation 5.4.4 Hormonal regulation of excretory system. 5.4.5 Dialysis. 6. Locomotion and Movement. 6.1.1 Different modes of movement with examples 6.2.1 Human skeleton 6.2.2 Axial and appendicular skeleton. 6.3 Joints 6.3.1 Types of joints with examples 6.4 Bone and cartilage 6.4.1 Structure of Bone and Cartilage 6.4.2 Disordres of bone and cartilage (Arthritis and Osteoporoosis) 7. Muscles. 7.1.1 Different types of muscles 7.1.2 Structure of skeletal muscle 7.1.3 Mechanism of muscle contraction 7.1.4 Role of red and white muscles in movement. 7.1.5 Role of muscles and bones in movement. 58 KEAM-2008, © CEE, TVM 59 KEAM-2008, © CEE, TVM 8. Nervous Co-ordination 8.1 Nervous system in cockroach 8.1.1 Morphology of nervous system in cockroach 8.2. Human nervous system 8.2.1 Morphology of functional subsystems of nervous system. 8.2.2 Different types of nerve cells. 8.3 Structure and functions of brain and spinal cord. 8.4 Nerve impulse. 8.4.1 Synapse 8.4.2 Transmission and conduction of nerve impulse 8.5 Reflex action. 8.5.1 Reflex arc 8.6. Sensory receptors. 8.6.1 Structure and functions of eye, ear, nose, tongue and skin. 9. Hormones 9.1 Different types of hormones 9.2 Hormones produced by human endocrine glands and their functions. 9.3 Hormone imbalance and disorders 9.4 Role of hormones as messengers and regulators. 9.5 Feed back control of various hormones.
UNIT 15 - REPRODUCTION AND DEVELOPMENT IN ANIMALS 1. Reproduction 1.1 Asxual Reproduction. 1.1.1 Different types of asxual reproduction with examples 1.1.2 Sxual reproduction 1.2.1Conjugation,hermaphroditismand parthenogenesis with examples. 1.3 Reproductive organs. 1.3.1 Structure and function of human male and female reproductive system. 1.3.2 Reproductive cycle in human female 1.3.3 Gametogenesis 1.3.4 fertilization (Physical and chemical events) 1.3.5 Development of zygote up to 3 germinal layers and their derivatives. 1.4 Extra embryonic membranes. 1.4.1 Structure and functions of placenta 1.5. Growth 1.5.1 Definition 1.5.2 Embryonic, post embryonic and cellular growth. 1.5.3 Types of growth and growth curve 1.5.4. Hormonal control of growth. 1.6 Ageing: 1.6.1 Definition. 1.6.2 Life span and life expectancy 1.6.3. Ageing of human organs. 1.6.4 Process of ageing and theories related to ageing 1.6.5. Ageing and death. 1.7 Regeneration 1.7.1 Definition 1.7.2 Regeneration among animals 1.7.3 Types of regeneration. 1.7.4 Factors controlling amphibian limb regeneration. UNIT 16 -BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 1. Biotic resources. 1.1 Terrestrial biotic resources. 1.1.1 forests 1.1.2 Grassland 1.1.3 wild life 1.1.4. Domesticated animals. 1.2 Aquatic biotic resources. 1.2.1 Marine biotic resources (animal resources) 1.2.2 fresh water biotic resources. 2. Biodiversity 2.1.1 Definition 2.1.2 Significance of biodiversity 2.1.3 Magnitude of biodiversity 2.1.4 Levels of biodiversity 2.1.5 gradients of biodiversity 2.1.6 Uses of biodiversity 2.1.7 Threats of biodiversity. 3. Endangered species 3.1.1 Extinction 3.1.2 Causes of extinction. 4. Conservation of biodiversity 4.1.1 Biosphere reserves 4.1.2 protected ares 4.1.3 National and international efforts 4.1.4 Role of Government and non-government organizations in conservation of bio-diversity 4.1.5 Environmental ethics 4.1.6 Legislation to conserve biodiversity 4.1.7 Responsibility of individual in biodiversity conservation. UNIT 17 - BIOLOGY IN HUMAN WELFARE 1. Population. 1.1.1 Role of environment in population 1.1.2 Role of development in population. 2. Population Growth. 2.1.1 Characteristics of population growth 2.1.2 Factors affecting population growth - Natality, Mortality, Immigration, Age and Sx ratio 2.1.3 Impact of Population growth. 3. Common problems of adolescence 3.1.1 Social and moral implications 3.1.2 Problems associated with drugs, smoking and alcoholism. 4. Population as a resource. 4.1.1 Generation of useful products and services- Intellectual, social, economic and political resources. 4.1.2 Conservation of existing resources. 5. Organ transplantation. 5.1.1. Transplantation of Skin, Kidney, Heart, Liver, Lungs, Cornea, Bone marrow, Blood and Pancreas 6. Modern techniques in disease diagnosis. 6.1 AIDS and SCID. 6.1.1 Causes 6.1.2 Diagnosis-ELISA, WESTERN BLOT 6.1.3 Treatment. 6.2.1 STD -different types of STD 6.2.2. Causative agents 6.2.3
Diagnosis-Microscopic examination, Gram-staining of discharge,
antigen/antibody detection, Culture, DNA hybridization, PCR 6.2.4 Treatment 6.3 Cancer 6.3.1 Types of Cancer 6.3.2 Various causes. 6.3.3 Diagnosis-Blood test, Histopathology, CT Scan, MRI Scan, X-ray (using injected dyes) 6.3.4 Treatment. 7. Biotechnology. 7.1.1. Hormones produced using biotechnology. 7.2. Hormone therapy 7.2.1 Hormone blocking and hormone -Supplementing therapy. 8. Interferon. 8.1.1. Definition 8.1.2. Different types of interferon 8.1.3. Role of interferon in medical treatment 9. Immuno modulations. 9.1. Immunomodulators - different approaches.
(a) Medical (i) MBBS (ii) BDS (iii) BHMS (iv) BAMS (v) BSMS
(b) Agriculture (i) BSc. Hons. (Agriculture) (ii) BFSc. (Fisheries) (iii) BSc. Hons. (Forestry)
(c) Veterinary BVSc. & AH
(d) Engineering
B.Tech. [including B.Tech. (Agricultural Engg.)/B.Tech. (Dairy Sc.
& Tech.) courses under the Kerala Agricultural University]
(e) Architecture B.Arch.
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